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[分享]2009年考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(十八)

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TEXT 3

  Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self analysis known as the journalism credibility project.

  Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

  But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events.In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

  There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area.Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.

  Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.

  Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

  This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about.If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

  59. What is the passage mainly about?
  [A] Needs of the readers all over the world.
  [B] Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.
  [C] Origins of the declining newspaper industry.
  [D] Aims of a journalism credibility project.

  60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .
  [A] quite trustworthy
  [B] somewhat contradictory
  [C] very illuminating
  [D] rather superficial

  61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their .
  [A] working attitude
  [B] conventional lifestyle
  [C] world outlook
  [D] educational background

  62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its .
  [A] failure to realize its real problem
  [B] tendency to hire annoying reporters
  [C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting
  [D] prejudice in matters of race and gender

  alien1 n.①外侨;②外星人;a.①外国的;②(from)相异的;③(to)不相容的
  analysis8 n.分析,分解
  annoy3 v.使恼怒,使生气,打搅
  astonish1 v.使惊讶,使吃惊
  attitude14 n.①(to,towards)态度,看法;②姿势
  background6 n.背景,经历
  bias7 n./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒
  business36 n.①商业,生意;②事务,业务,职责;③企业;④贸易量;⑤行业,业务
  cause28 n.①原因,理由;②事业,事件,奋斗目标;v.使产生,引起
  clash1 v.碰撞;n.碰撞声
  combine5 v.①(with)(使)结合,联合;②(使)化合
  community17 n.①同一地区的全体居民,社会,社区;②共同体,团体
  complain3 v.①(about,of)抱怨;②申诉
  confuse9 v.使混乱,混淆
  conventional4 a.惯例的,常规的
  culture21 n.①修养,教养;②文化,文明
  decline14 v./n.①下倾,下降,下垂,衰落;②斜面,倾斜;v.拒绝,谢绝
  dedicate5 v.奉献,把...用在
  define7 v.①给...下定义;②限定,规定;③解释,阐述
  despite5 prep.不管,不顾
  differ3 v.①(from)与...不同;②(with)与...意见不同
  editor2 n.编辑,编者
  elite4 n.①[总称]上层人士,掌权人物,实力集团;②出类拔萃的人(集团),精英
  employee7 n.雇工,雇员
  error5 n.错误,过失
  explosive1 a.爆炸(性)的,爆发(性)的;n.爆炸物,炸药
  failure6 n.①失败,不及格;②失败者;③故障,失灵;④未能
  finding6 n.①发现,发现物;②[常pl.]调查(研究)结果
  flee1 v.①逃走;②逃避
  focus12 n.焦点,(活动,兴趣等的)中心;v.(on/upon)使聚集,集中
  former10 a.①前任的;②以前的,在前的;pron.前者
  gender1 n.性,性别
  grammar1 n.语法,语法书
  illuminate1 v.①照亮,照明;②启发,阐释
  journalist12 n.记者,新闻工作者
  maid1 n.少女,处女,女仆
  metropolitan1 a.首都的,主要都市的,大城市的
  narrative1 a.叙述性的;n.叙述
  neighborhood2 n.①邻居;②地区
  organization6 n.①组织体制;②团体,机构
  origin5 n.①起源,由来;②出身,来历
  outlook3 n.①景色,风光;②观点,见解;③展望,前景
  owing2 a.①欠的,未付的;②(to)由于,因为
  painful5 a.疼痛的,使痛苦的
  pattern11 n.①模式,式样;②图案,图样;v.仿制,模仿
  phone3 n.电话,电话机;v.(给...)打电话
  plug1 n.塞子,插头;v.堵,塞
  plus1 prep.加上;a.正的,加的;n.加号,正号
  prejudice4 n.①偏见,成见;②损害,侵害;v.抱有(存有)偏见
  project8 n.方案,计划,项目;v.①投射,放映;②(使)凸出,(使)伸出;③设计规划
  questionnaire1 n.调查表,问卷
  random3 a.随机的,随意的;n.随机,随意
  reflect8 v.①反映,表现;②反省,考虑;③反射
  reporter5 n.①报告人,通讯员;②记者,报导者
  resident4 n.居民,常住者;a.居住的
  result37 n.结果,成果,成绩;v.①(in)导致,结果是;②(from)起因于,因...而造成
  scratch1 v.抓,搔,扒;n.①抓,搔,抓痕;②起跑线
  social38 a.①社会的;②社交的,交际的;n.社交活动
  somewhat5 ad.稍微,有点
  source11 n.①源,源泉;②来源,出处
  spelling1 n.拼法,拼写
  sponsor2 n.发起人,主力者,保证人;v.发起,主办
  stock9 n.①备料,库存,现货;②股票,公债;③无生命之物;④群,家庭,家系;v.储存
  story11 n.①描述;②故事;③报道;④谎话;⑤楼层
  structure13 n.①结构,构造;②建筑物;v.构造,建造
  superficial2 a.①表面的;②肤浅的,浅薄的
  survey5 v./n.①俯瞰,眺望;②全面审视,调查;③测量图,勘定
  symposium1 n.①讨论会,专题报告会;②专题论文集
  tend26 v.①趋向,往往是;②照料,看护
  tendency1 n.趋向,趋势,倾向
  view28 n.①景象,风景;②观点,见解;③观察,观看;④眼界;v.看待,观察,考虑
  volunteer1 n.①自愿(者,兵);②自愿(提供);a.志愿的,义务的
  word36 n.①词,单词;②[常pl.]话;③消息,传说;④诺言,保证;v.用言语表达
  writer10 n.作者,作家

  backbone1 n.脊椎,骨干,毅力,决心
  contradictory2 a.反驳的,反对的,抗辩的;n.矛盾因素,对立物
  credibility2 n.可信性
  cultural11 a.文化的
  disappointment2 n.失望
  diversity4 n.差异,多样性
  factual3 a.事实的,实际的
  inaccuracy1 n.错误
  inaccurate2 a.错误的,不准确的
  journalism3 n.新闻业,报章杂志
  lifestyle3 n.生活方式
  likeliness1 n.可能性
  media9 n.媒体
  narrowly2 ad.勉强地,精细地
  newsroom2 n.编辑部,阅览室
  puzzlement1 n.迷惑
  reportorial1 a.记者的
  template2 n.模板
  trustworthy2 a.可信赖的
  upscale1 a.高消费的

  难句1

  Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

  [结构分析]

  1. 本句主干结构是:... this project has turned out to be ... findings ... ;

  2. findings前面的mostly low?level是findings的修饰成分,后面的about ... 介词结构是宾语findings的宾语补足语;

  3. 逗号后面的过去分词结构combined是状语成分,表示一种伴随的动作;
[本句难点]从句关系比较复杂,其中两个about短语结构都是相应宾语的补充说明成分;

  [方法对策]找出主句,然后再分析其修饰成分;head?scratching:令人困惑的

  [例句精译]遗憾的是,这次调查的结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现,诸如新闻报道中的事实错误、拼写或语法错误,以及特别令人费解的困惑:读者到底想读些什么。

  难句2

  In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

  [结构分析]

  1. 本句主干部分是:... there is a conventional story line...;

  2. 主干后面的that引导的定语从句修饰说明conventional story line,此定语从句中,that在从句中充当语,谓语是provide,宾语是and连接的两个并列宾语;

  [本句难点]本句包含一个定语从句;主要在于要理解一些单词词组的含义;

  [方法对策]in other words:换言之;conventional:传统的;story line:新闻报道的情节;newsroom culture:报社文化;backbone:骨架,框架;ready?made:现成的;

  [例句精译]换言之,在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式,为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个中心思路和现成的故事编写框架。

  难句3

  Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.

  [结构分析]

  1. 本句主干部分是:Replies show +that引导的宾语从句;

  2. 宾语从句包含一个 more likely to ... ,less likely to 比较选择结构;过去分词结构compared with other Americans为状语成分,表示伴随的动作;

  [本句难点]本句包含一个宾语从句,宾语从句中有包含了一个比较选择结构;

  [方法对策]分别找出主句和从句的主干结构,就容易掌握其主要意思;put down roots:定居,开始新生活

  [例句精译]结果表明,与其他美国人相比,新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区、有女佣、有奔驰车、有股票,而他们去教堂、参加社区自愿服务、扎根社区的可能性却很小。

  难句4

  The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

  [结构分析]
  1. 本句主干结构是:The astonishing distrust ... isn?t rooted in ... but in ... ,其中包含一个not ... but ... 结构;

  2. 一般的在有转折意义的句子中,转折词后面的是阅读的重点,本句not... but... 结构,but后的语句是阅读的重点;

  [本句难点]主要是对not ... but ... 结构的理解;

  [方法对策]抓住句子主干成分,然后再逐层分析其他成分;

  [例句精译]读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源并非是报道失实或低劣的报道技巧,而是记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着冲突。

  难句5

  If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

  [结构分析]

  1. 本句句型结构为:if条件状语从句+主句(使用了虚拟语气);

  2. 主句主语是it,指上句的a troubled business,指问题很多的新闻界;谓语would后面是and连接的两个并列宾语:open up和look for;

  3. 过去分词结构短语:now focused narrowly on race and gender补充说明diversity program;

  4.本句中还包含一个who引导的定语从句,修饰reporters;

  [本句难点]主要是对主句虚拟语气以及并列宾语的理解;

  [方法对策]找出主干,然后分析其他成分;

  [例句精译]如果它能注意这个问题的话,它就应该进一步开展其雇员多样化计划,进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者,而不是只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工。

  59.[答案] B
  [解析]本文讲了美国读者对新闻报道不信任乃至失望的根本原因,那就是新闻记者们不与社会大众处于同一阶层,因此写出的报道与大众脱节。本题属于主旨题,只要把文章每段首句串起,即可看出。

  60.[答案] D
  [解析]问题:"新闻可信度调查的结果是......",根据原文"low?level findings"可得出D为正确答案。

  61.[答案] C
  [解析]第六段讲:"The astonishing distrust ... in the clash of world views between reporters and their readers"故知C为根本原因。生活方式不同(B)和教育背景不同(D)导致了C,所以C是根本原因,A文中根本没提。而且问题用"world outlook"取代了原文"world views"。

  62.[答案] A
  [解析]报社根本没有意识到它所面临的根本性问题是它雇佣的记者们和大众不是生活在一个层面上的人,因此这些记者们的世界观(world views)与老百姓根本不一样,所以他们的"attitudes vastly annoy the customers"。(注意是他们的attitudes而不是他们本人特别地annoying)。所以选A。郭崇兴老师再次提醒大家:照抄原文(annoy)的,很可能是陷阱。

  为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西?美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个令人头痛的问题。该组织正在深入进行一次长期的自我分析调查,即新闻可信度调查。

  遗憾的是,这次调查的结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现,诸如新闻报道中的事实错误、拼写或语法错误,以及特别令人费解的困惑:读者到底想读些什么。

  但这种对媒体的不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界,并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。换言之,在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式,为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个中心思路和现成的故事编写框架。

  新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节,这就是为什么新闻编辑室的"标准模式"与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。在最近一次调查中,问卷被送到了全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中。然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话,问他们同样的问题。

  结果表明,与其他美国人相比,新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区、有女佣、有奔驰车、有股票,而他们去教堂、参加社区自愿服务、扎根社区的可能性却很小。

  记者们往往属于广义的社会文化精英的一个部分,因此他们的作品往往反映了这些精英传统的价值观。读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源并非是报道失实或低劣的报道技巧,而是记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着冲突。

  这对任何一个工业产业来说都算是爆炸性的形势,对于一个正在衰落的行业来说尤其如此。这是一个处于困境的行业,却不断地雇用态度令读者厌烦的雇员。然后它又办许多研讨会和开展可信度调查,去探究为什么顾客们恼火了,为什么会有那么多人逃避新闻等等。但它似乎从来就没能抽出时间去注意那么多以前的顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。如果它能注意这个问题的话,它就应该进一步开展其雇员多样化计划,进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者,而不是只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工。

  59. 本文主要探讨的是什么?
  [A] 世界各地读者的需求
  [B] 公众对报纸失望的原因
  [C] 新闻业衰败的根源
  [D] 新闻可信度调查项目的目的

  60. 新闻可信度调查的结果是。
  [A] 相当可信的
  [B] 有点矛盾的
  [C] 很有启发性的
  [D] 非常肤浅的

  61. 作者指出:新闻记者的基本问题在于他们的。
  [A] 工作态度
  [B] 传统的生活方式
  [C] 世界观
  [D] 教育背景

  62. 尽管新闻界作出了努力,但还是不能满足读者的需求,这是因为。
  [A] 没有认识到它所面临的真正问题
  [B] 往往雇用令人厌烦的记者
  [C] 可能作失实的报道
  [D] 存在种族和性别偏见

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