SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 F?EAIL
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一、基础 P{tH4V23T
1、说明:创建数据库 1,pg7L8H
CREATE DATABASE database-name ;VlA~tv
2、说明:删除数据库 tuWJj^
drop database dbname 9X%H$>s
3、说明:备份sql server SRfnT?u6
--- 创建 备份数据的 device JrhDqyk*
USE master klON6<w
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' o n+:{ad
--- 开始 备份 N{o3w.g
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack E>2~cC*
4、说明:创建新表 hnD=DLW $
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) <-avC/M$d
根据已有的表创建新表: h|OsT
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) v5Qp[O_
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only #G`UR
5、说明:删除新表 W]l&mr
drop table tabname ),53(=/hl
6、说明:增加一个列 fBZAO
Alter table tabname add column col type <~ 9a3c?
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 nPh|rW=
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) ER4j=O#
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) `:&jbd4H
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) B^yA+&3HI
删除索引:drop index idxname Cg 4l*"_
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 }US^GEs(
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement "PhP1;A9,
删除视图:drop view viewname Ed$;#4
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 L28DBj E)A
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 64jFbbd-/
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) +;*dFL
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 Tu*"+*r>s
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 SuuLB6{u3
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! )~CnDk}^R
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] jXCSD@?]K
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 {=)g?!zC
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 L%sskV(
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 D<SLv,Y
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 CQGq}.Jt!
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 z&x3":@u<
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 kl/eJN'S
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A: UNION 运算符 8kA2.pIk
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 =k+nC)e
B: EXCEPT 运算符 e <]^7pz
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 0%f}w0]:
C: INTERSECT 运算符 -Nn@c|fz
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 YB&b_On,f
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 |MEu"pY)
12、说明:使用外连接 g E#4 3
A、left outer join: Sh(W s2b7
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 n +R3
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c P
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B:right outer join: 5:r*em
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 A\IQM^i
C:full outer join: EJ&aT etQ
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 <!m'xOD
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二、提升 Q(gc(bJV
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
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法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 W7 iml|WV0
法二:select top 0 * into b from a +q NX/F
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) |)'6U3
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; =}h8Cl{H/
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) Q3OGU} F
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 hnf7Q l}
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. 4x;vn8yh
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) Cvk n2T
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) 6~#$bp^-
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 gqCDF H
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b czH`a=mjH
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) &Ub0o2+y
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c Nd] w I|>
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) dYP-QUM$7
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; k_$9cVA
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 OwJZ?j&)
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 f5p:o}U*
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 wE*jN~
9、说明:in 的使用方法 ;3 |Z}P
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') iJH;OV;P
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 .PHz
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) %%-hax.x0X
11、说明:四表联查问题: A3jT;D9Y%
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... D;RZE
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 aOWfu^&H:
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 kl&9M!;:n
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 /-_<RQ
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 D6wg^'Q:
14、说明:前10条记录 {TV6eV
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 s2'] "wM
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) F9Y/Z5 Ea
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) xdqiogu e
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 g*uo2-MN&e
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) ]EhU8bZ
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 (w+dB8)X
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() ~ R:=zGDV
18、说明:随机选择记录 N4z(2.
select newid() %M/rpEE"b%
19、说明:删除重复记录 UCv9G/$
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) XX@@tzN
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 NjL^FqA[
select name from sysobjects where type='U' `fA|])3T
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 &-s/F`
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') X?Yp=%%
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 >AsrPU[
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type 9~FB^3Nz_
显示结果: ,m^@S
type vender pcs e,0y+~
电脑 A 1 DQ a0S7I
电脑 A 1 a1p}y2
光盘 B 2 {Al}a`da
光盘 A 2 <l,Kg
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手机 B 3 2G4OK7x
手机 C 3 <+%#xi/_
23、说明:初始化表table1 k-
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TRUNCATE TABLE table1 l_`DQ8L`
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 Gx.iZOOH/
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc g/2e Y$6Z
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三、技巧 p?q~.YY
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 n
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"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, ELlTR/NW
如: fCq
if @strWhere !='' Tn'_{@E;
begin $Bd13%>)
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere HalkNR-eEm
end <o\2-fWvY
else qg(rG5kD@
begin l_Ffbs_6t
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' xq.HR_\
end 99<0xN(25
我们可以直接写成 U6 R"eQUTV
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere RH+'"f
2、收缩数据库 ylEQeN
--重建索引 2L'vB1`
DBCC REINDEX %dyE F8)
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG e>:bV7h
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--收缩数据和日志 $h({x~Oj9
DBCC SHRINKDB s /?&H-
DBCC SHRINKFILE GO=&
3、压缩数据库 |#r[{2sS
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) -RSPYQjz
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 m
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exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' ]T3dZ`-(
go _-vf<QO]
5、检查备份集 UP@a
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RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' gD[Fkq$]
6、修复数据库 x}w"2[fL
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER ?Q~6\xA
GO q 16jL,i
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK :oH~{EQ
GO ?H c~ 3
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER 31w9$H N
GO L=. 4x=%%
7、日志清除 <eObQ[mQ
SET NOCOUNT ON 3lyk/',
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, _d8k[HAJ|
@MaxMinutes INT, H$:Z`CQt<
@NewSize INT @$5GxIw<l
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 %f{1u5+5
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 FBjIft5e
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. {[~
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@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) Wdt9k.hzN
-- Setup / initialize 9.KOrg5}L
DECLARE @OriginalSize int C-;y#a)
SELECT @OriginalSize = size @quNVx(y
FROM sysfiles %!r>]M <
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName ~~?4w.k
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + rf+'U9
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + [69[Ct
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' dOm#NSJVd
FROM sysfiles z$3 3NM
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName rh*Pl]'3z
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans Ni$WI{e9
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) m6aq_u{W
DECLARE @Counter INT, XE_|H1&j
@StartTime DATETIME, |kvom 4 T
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) KzeTf?G
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), v;S7i>\
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' 8>Xyz`$kH
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) |-N\?N9"
EXEC (@TruncLog) `~Eo;'( +^
-- Wrap the log if necessary. Epm\=s
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired (F$V m
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) J4qFU^
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize )bZS0f-
BEGIN -- Outer loop. k+>-?S,
SELECT @Counter = 0 O:fv1
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) Zx(VwB2
BEGIN -- update od{b]HvgS
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') +'abAST
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DELETE DummyTrans B\a-Q,Wf
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 U2=l; R{
END \*x]xc/^
EXEC (@TruncLog) ?[Od.
END +K4d(!Sb
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + _tZT
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + fYF\5/_
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' xU#f>@v!
FROM sysfiles YC#N],#
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName >HatbbA
DROP TABLE DummyTrans &g R+D
SET NOCOUNT OFF Ml1sE,BT
8、说明:更改某个表 [z$th
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' 9L;fT5Tp7
9、存储更改全部表 z=>U>
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch OosxuAC(
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), z{U2K'
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)
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AS =Jfo=`da
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) b: UTq
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DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) 6@?4z
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DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) F@Qzh
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR ?sV0T)uk
select 'Name' = name, 6p%;:mDB
'Owner' = user_name(uid) iE$qq~%
from sysobjects K^j7T[pR
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner Y.&nxT95=
order by name &U%AVD[
OPEN curObject Jylav:
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner 1e.V%!Xk
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) fQcJyX
BEGIN L=4%MyZ.e
if @Owner=@OldOwner $eUI.j(HU
begin sJ[I<
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) e ?FjN 9
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner 2mj?&p?
end {\3ZmF
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner mOG;[CB
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner C&Rv$<qc
END K
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close curObject `6a
deallocate curObject P%MYr"<$E
GO H&`0I$8m
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 aMdWT4
declare @i int H/"$#8-/
set @i=1 8,unq3
while @i<30 [w&B>z=g$
begin gXZl3
insert into test (userid) values(@i) PhTMXv<cE
set @i=@i+1 7]se!k,
end T%|{Qo<j
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 -I
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Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) L-Io!msb
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) ,*_=w^;Rr
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) (JV [7u -
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0))
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Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) 66ULR&D8
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) h`Ld%iN\
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 =^a Ngq
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) 8SH&b8k<<
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) )LOV)z|}
就是表示本周时间段. 44@yQ?
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: a}(xZ\n^D;
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) 8zhr;Srt
而在存储过程中 2z*EamF
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) g~ubivl2
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) );*:UzsC_