SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 o3%Gc/6%
My=p>{s
`ZNzDr
一、基础 wVw3YIN#
1、说明:创建数据库 _`ot||J
CREATE DATABASE database-name ?l
bK;Kv
2、说明:删除数据库 Rz%+E0
drop database dbname 'N'EC`R
3、说明:备份sql server Z?1.Y7Npr
--- 创建 备份数据的 device -YRF^72+
USE master opdi5e)jK
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' V"\t
--- 开始 备份 QiB:K Pz[
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack Ns&SZO
4、说明:创建新表 !a4pKN`qLY
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) iQs(Dh=*
根据已有的表创建新表: dt;R
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) H?^Poe(=(
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only qI KVu_
5、说明:删除新表 s _p?3bKu
drop table tabname +*F ;l\R
6、说明:增加一个列 FRX'"gIR0
Alter table tabname add column col type x!gu&AA<*
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 Y+j|T`d
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) m!w(Q+*j
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) JAc-5e4
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) ;R|5sCb/m
删除索引:drop index idxname E+F!u5u
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 1^Ci$ra
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement E3sl"d;~
删除视图:drop view viewname X_O(j!h
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 >`\~=ivrD
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 62a{Ggs{
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) iv:[]o
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 B-'Xk{
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 =d&
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! ANi}q9SC
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] _ jF,
k>F
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 +qDudGI
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 VbJGyjx
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 s$| GVv1B
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 F0]NtKaH
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 AfFFu\
_Su$oOy(Ea
8^^Xr
oTT/;~ I
11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 S'vrO}yU
->$Do$
SUHyg/|F
A: UNION 运算符 jt=mK,%
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 r1JKTuuo
B: EXCEPT 运算符 ?neXs-'-p
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 U''/y\Z
C: INTERSECT 运算符 mGwBbY+5n
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 A0
x*feK?
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 m" .8-
12、说明:使用外连接 ]Dd=q6
A、left outer join: 7;0^r#:87#
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 7_ZfV? .
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c b-yfBO
B:right outer join: wHAoO#`wn5
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 )lBke*j~
C:full outer join: Vw<=& w #K
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 ?%{v1(
j[
kg9z
pa4zSl
二、提升 Rs8^ 27
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) J*5 )g
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 m ['UV2
法二:select top 0 * into b from a \Om.pOz
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) yiWBIJ2Wu9
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; nV@k}IJg:?
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) @y2{LUJe
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 >5'C<jc C
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. o{37}if
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) edx-R-Dc-1
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) [;
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 _.KKh62CN
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b Uf1i"VY
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) Xg_M{t
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c f{t5r
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) Q+$+{g-8
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; +pkX$yz
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 B_aLqB]U
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 dpx P
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 *G7/
9、说明:in 的使用方法 )!s f@F?
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') iLIH |P%
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 eR$qw#%c*
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) 2I3MV:5
11、说明:四表联查问题: ]O,;t>
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... ^M0e 0
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 j(AN]g:
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 "
;8H;U`
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 ]p:s5Q
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 J-P>
~
L"
14、说明:前10条记录 ?h2!Z{[0b
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 kn:X^mDXC/
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) \_bk+}WJ]s
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) @A GM=v
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 AvfSR p
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) ]DHB'NOh,
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 u!S ^lV@
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() ABuK`(f.
18、说明:随机选择记录 U%.OH?;f
select newid() *UJ.cQ}
19、说明:删除重复记录 r#M0X^4A
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) Y@)/iwq
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 8E`A`z
select name from sysobjects where type='U' UFr
]$m&
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 qRlS^=#
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') >> yK_yg
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 F%Oy4*4
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type cv})^E$x
显示结果: (S3\O `5
type vender pcs HRS^91aK
电脑 A 1 (,*e\o
电脑 A 1 7:awUoV8f
光盘 B 2 2K[Y|.u8>q
光盘 A 2 Q"itV&d,
手机 B 3 >c
%*:a
手机 C 3 'M8wjU
23、说明:初始化表table1 MKMWHGN
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 u*u3<YQ
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 6b`3AAGU"
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc sl?> X)}
2NMS'"8
4BF
\-lq~
L+VqTt
三、技巧 W/e6O?? O
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 ~U"puEftbs
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, h\dq]yOl
如: Y<0}z>^
if @strWhere !='' <~s{&cL!%#
begin *f<+yF{=A
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere .S4c<pMap
end sa6/$
else 4OX|pa
begin TC[(mf:8
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' "Bn8WT2?
end CNU,\>J@$
我们可以直接写成 Y]MB/\gj
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere d7(g=JK<
2、收缩数据库 &/wd_;d^A
--重建索引 Dfz3\|LJ
DBCC REINDEX /<zBjvr%%
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG $D&N^}alW
--收缩数据和日志 ^phgNzD
DBCC SHRINKDB qrdA4S
DBCC SHRINKFILE m^?a /
3、压缩数据库 *DBm"{q%&k
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) b&]_5 GGc
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 r2!\Ts 5v
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' H 5\k`7R
go hJ|zX
5、检查备份集 gu:8+/W8L
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' Z@sDxYt9
6、修复数据库 X"hdCY%
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER pb8sx1.j;
GO +hiskV@ v
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK g_8A1lt
GO e 97Ll=>
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER ZhvZe/
GO bEvlk\iql
7、日志清除 B=!&rKF
SET NOCOUNT ON <?8aM7W7
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, z.d1>w
@MaxMinutes INT, ECW=865jL
@NewSize INT ' v)@K0P
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 -/)>DOgUq
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 H<N$z3k
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. 9szUN;:ZZ
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) HgY [Q}7s
-- Setup / initialize 8_*31Y
DECLARE @OriginalSize int [T}Lq~
SELECT @OriginalSize = size *h([ai"1-
FROM sysfiles 9Ub##5$[,
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName `PoFKtVXM
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + Gn?NY}.S
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + rm}%C(C{J
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' O%m\
Q1
FROM sysfiles "39\@Ow
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName qz_'v{uAj
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans _dQg5CmlG
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) uPhL?s{
DECLARE @Counter INT, G>@KX
@StartTime DATETIME, ;URvZ! {/Z
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) #S4lRVt5
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), lq'MLg
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' %:S4OT8]
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) ?:woUTyCv
EXEC (@TruncLog) 84U?\f@u
-- Wrap the log if necessary. a*kvU "]
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired `>1XL 2
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) \img
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize 'r0kX||
BEGIN -- Outer loop. @'AjEl:&-_
SELECT @Counter = 0 _-+xzdGvX
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) a]S0|\BkN
BEGIN -- update ovXU +8
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') *r90IS}A$2
DELETE DummyTrans
-ZVCb@%
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 {3LAK[C
END [C-4*qOaa2
EXEC (@TruncLog) .91@T.
END 1SK|4Am
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + ybY[2g2QJ
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + D\H;_k8
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' rWMG6+Scb
FROM sysfiles % S vfY {
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName uyqu n@q
DROP TABLE DummyTrans (&osR|/Tq
SET NOCOUNT OFF jL6ZHEi#d7
8、说明:更改某个表 "ZYdJHM
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' sF4+(9 =
9、存储更改全部表 U0J_
3W
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch 1OI/,y8}
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), OaH1xZNOC`
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) 4roqD;5|~|
AS eJ
;a}{ 4%
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) qP k`e}D
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) `k;MGs)&
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) CM`B0[B
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR =bHS@h8N<
select 'Name' = name, Abc%VRsT
'Owner' = user_name(uid) e0z(l/UB
from sysobjects 1=@csO_yn
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner $*')Sma
order by name I6e[K(7NY
OPEN curObject b2r]>*Vc
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner |L<p90
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) Rp0`%}2
o
BEGIN ascY E
if @Owner=@OldOwner ,j!%,!n o
begin cp_<y)__
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) Q8Fqf
;4
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner <zWMTVaC
end W/@-i|v
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner Kt5k_9
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner , G2(l
END
eQU~A9
close curObject SNOML7pd
deallocate curObject DJJd_
GO MXa(Oi2Gg
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 j;yKL-ycB
declare @i int p>=i'~lQ6
set @i=1 \=&F\EV
while @i<30 M/a40uK
begin 6* 6 |R93
insert into test (userid) values(@i) %M5{-pJ|C
set @i=@i+1 kxH`
c
end ia#8 ^z
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 XVfw0-O
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) l.Q.G<ol
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) Z{}+7P
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) {oftZXwf
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) RRUv_sff
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) H8!)zZ
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) 91\Sb:>
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 oJ.5! Kg
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) +mRc8 G
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) Wl0p-h
就是表示本周时间段. mJ>msI
@
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: /T<))@$
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) kyH0J[/n
而在存储过程中 N;` jz(r
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) U
ATF}x
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) 2DNB?,uP,'