SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 : OY~Q3
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一、基础 zzQWHg]/
1、说明:创建数据库 MCT1ZZpPr
CREATE DATABASE database-name pD732L@q
2、说明:删除数据库 s3Vb2C*
drop database dbname WVy'f|3;
3、说明:备份sql server /8h=6"
--- 创建 备份数据的 device Yv;s3>r
USE master hJ'H@L7
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' 37/n"\4
--- 开始 备份 -Ks>s
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack c[dzO.~
4、说明:创建新表 f
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create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) 0Z9DewwP
根据已有的表创建新表: q!5:M\
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) 3yZmW$E.
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only A IP~A]T
5、说明:删除新表 `a& kD|Yh
drop table tabname Cl}nPUoL
6、说明:增加一个列 QOF@DvQ
Alter table tabname add column col type 2d !'9mA
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 pE4a ~:
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) $"^K~5Q
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) )u)=@@k21
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) L_8zZ8 o
删除索引:drop index idxname g>@JGzMLP
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 S\e&xUA;|
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement Dm>"c;2
删除视图:drop view viewname }vd*eexA
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 %z><)7
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 i--t
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插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) OU[<\d
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 >gk_klLh
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 HGDrH
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! #<im?
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] ~U9K<_U
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 %qP[+N&
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 ,5}U
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平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 f!Q\M1t)
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 !>8~R2
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 k_al*iM>H
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 +eM${JyXH
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A: UNION 运算符 RpHlq
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 N%y i4
B: EXCEPT 运算符 24mdhT|
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 U=on}W3V2
C: INTERSECT 运算符 `BPTcL<W
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 K"}fD;3
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 <AHpk5Sn{
12、说明:使用外连接 (B7G'h.?
A、left outer join: 5gszAvOO
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 @=Kq99=\U
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c IUcL*
B:right outer join: 5jdZC(q5a
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 f&
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C:full outer join: V|7YRa@
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 pMc6p0
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二、提升 !*IMWm>
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) |.IH4
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法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 wucdXj{%
法二:select top 0 * into b from a E*_^+ %
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) [&Xp]:M'D
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; B[vj X"yg
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) ) "#'
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 %B3~t>
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. cH]tZ$E`
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) T:|/ux3
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) T X`X5j
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 0ju1>.p
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b t<%0eu|
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) ]-PzN'5\'
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c yoi4w 7:
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) ,!ZuH?Z
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; ?I.9?cQXZ
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 4DXbeQs:
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
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select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 L\yVE
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9、说明:in 的使用方法 z(PUoV:?
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') qZoDeN-CC
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 ]wQ!ZG?)
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) `h}eP[jA
11、说明:四表联查问题: ?5|;3N/zt
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... F c[KIG3@
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 D{|q P
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SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 l }{{7~C`
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 T}~TW26v
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 ~/:vr
14、说明:前10条记录 yr]ja-Y
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 }ze+ tf
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) 4.6$m
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) l,wlxh$}(
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 NgNGq\!
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) !+xQ
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 }v(wjD
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() J5@08bZm
18、说明:随机选择记录 owVvbC2<b(
select newid() U~
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19、说明:删除重复记录 S"Al[{
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) &K[*vyD
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 B6XO&I1c
select name from sysobjects where type='U' P-m_],
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 xh6(~'$
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') {N(qS'N
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 h!"2Ux3!x
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type DF%d/a{]
显示结果: G1:}{a5i_
type vender pcs uf(ayDE
电脑 A 1 D)*
电脑 A 1 $+gQnI3w
光盘 B 2 /i+z#q5'
光盘 A 2 ~f QrH%@
手机 B 3 C|{Sj`,XG
手机 C 3 u ExLj6
23、说明:初始化表table1 $+eeE
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 ",r
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24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 *4O=4F)x
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc }"Y<<e<z:
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三、技巧 $C16}^
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 g`EZLDjt
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, ^0,}y]5p
如: PZ[-a-p40
if @strWhere !='' 6:1`lsP
begin OjU{r N*
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere V:0IBbh)w
end ^`H'LD
else "+DA)K
begin K5>3
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' ^Z (cVg
end (6,:X
我们可以直接写成 HOW<IZ^
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere ;R$G.5h
2、收缩数据库 YSjc=
--重建索引 8lQ/cGAc
DBCC REINDEX WC_.j^sW
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG ~z^l~Vyg?
--收缩数据和日志 =^"Sx??V
DBCC SHRINKDB Q0*E&;|
DBCC SHRINKFILE *h^->+0n
3、压缩数据库 *0U#Z]t
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) v[CR$@Y
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 =lNW1J\SW
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' ];.5*a%*
go Q`CuZkP(
5、检查备份集 L03I:IJ
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' Rtf<UhUn
6、修复数据库 5nPvEN/
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER l|g*E.:4
GO ? Fqh
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DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK nC:T0OJv
GO ~B<\#oO
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER Rsx6vF8]5
GO ,Wtw0)4
7、日志清除 k?cX fj&
SET NOCOUNT ON cT(nKHL
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, g}9,U&$]y
@MaxMinutes INT, -J]?M
@NewSize INT V .Kjcy
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 J~x]~}V&
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 gD$&OkH
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. GTs,?t16/
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) Y58H.P
-- Setup / initialize U<6)CW1;
DECLARE @OriginalSize int 2d[tcn$;h]
SELECT @OriginalSize = size sBlq)h;G?6
FROM sysfiles 3P_.SF
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName Ehy(;n)\
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + BDt$s(
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CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + (~|)Gmq2
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' \:'GAByy
FROM sysfiles AyJl:aN^
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName 1dD%a91
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans N\|B06X
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) #m#IBRD :
DECLARE @Counter INT, '[r: pwE
@StartTime DATETIME, D(z#)oDr
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) f}dlQkZ(
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), S1k*"><
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' mjOxmwo
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) %<~Ewno T
EXEC (@TruncLog) Ioe.[&o6B
-- Wrap the log if necessary. J5b3r1~D"[
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired mB2}(DbhE
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) =u0=)\0@r
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize `&I6=,YLp
BEGIN -- Outer loop. ,WdSJ BK'a
SELECT @Counter = 0 58?WO}
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) "]^U(m>f
BEGIN -- update 2?(/$F9X,
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') 7]@M
DELETE DummyTrans I
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SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 Q3=X#FQ
END NO/$}vw
EXEC (@TruncLog) 9u~C?w
END '3XOU.
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + )^UqB0C6^
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + yO-2.2h
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' 6rS
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FROM sysfiles ks$5$,^T2o
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName *7*_QW%?A
DROP TABLE DummyTrans E.yFCaL
SET NOCOUNT OFF +;H=_~b
8、说明:更改某个表 D~qi6@Ga
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' qV=O;
9、存储更改全部表 EQnU:a
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch j % MY6"
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), 7<kr|-
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) ZS l K
AS e?\Od}Hbw
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) Jv(E'"H
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) "=s dn
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)
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DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR b`wT*&
select 'Name' = name, **AJFc
'Owner' = user_name(uid) _2k<MiqCD[
from sysobjects "%
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where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner wPyc?:|KD?
order by name ,:.8s>+i
OPEN curObject sS)tSt{C
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner a"+VP>4
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) +Kmxo4p
BEGIN GNG.N)q#C
if @Owner=@OldOwner Vg(p_k45`
begin 7DW-brd
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) ,g P;XRe1
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner ),<h6$
end oW7;t
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner Pi&\GMzd
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner 8=\k<X{`
END \ }-v
close curObject cP21x<n
deallocate curObject wMH13i3
GO Rlr[uU_
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 EU5(s*A
declare @i int ,!~U5~
set @i=1 c1]\.s
while @i<30 3e[k 9`
begin fQU_A
insert into test (userid) values(@i) ZDrTPnA[
set @i=@i+1 ?!34qh
end GwD"j]
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 !OH'pC5
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) {-IRX)m*
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) D@mqfi(x
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) BW)t2kR&
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) 4.&et()}
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) qmpU{fs
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) RG_)<U/B
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 2LN5}[12]
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) 1n
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Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) ffQ&1T<
就是表示本周时间段. 6~+?DIc
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: %hzNkyD)Y
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) {'
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而在存储过程中 rNHV
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) Z$@ XMq!
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) qoD
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