SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 B/71$i
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一、基础 4L0LT>'M\
1、说明:创建数据库 c"xaN
CREATE DATABASE database-name pI`Ke"
2、说明:删除数据库 ,?qS#B+>
drop database dbname "xOeBNRjV
3、说明:备份sql server VX%+!6+fS
--- 创建 备份数据的 device Ixw,$%-]y6
USE master ;1%a:#5
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' )&9RoW()?
--- 开始 备份 #59zv=
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack j;3o9!.s:
4、说明:创建新表 j7d;1 zB+G
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) F)@<ZE
根据已有的表创建新表: E;sltl
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) fCfY.vd5
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only m";gD[m
5、说明:删除新表 !S:@x.n@iR
drop table tabname IFY!3^;zO
6、说明:增加一个列 K"1J1>CHQ
Alter table tabname add column col type kD>vQ?
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 [wR8q,2
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) >W<5$ .G
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) J0 P
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) PG!vn@b6
删除索引:drop index idxname _X[c19q
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 J\V(MN,
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement [OcD#~drO
删除视图:drop view viewname hG^23FiN
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 ,zFN3NLtA
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 [xPE?OD
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) A@ME7^w7
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 D\R^*k@V
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 sn(}5;
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! `9-Zg??8r
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] Ce:ds%
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 <Va>5R_d<
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 4Z] 35*
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
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最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 msylb~ ^
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 J^:~#`8
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 MF`'r#@:wa
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A: UNION 运算符 U4gwxK
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 EMG*8HRI>r
B: EXCEPT 运算符 ;j=1 oW
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 ^=G+]$ 8
C: INTERSECT 运算符 jH1~Ve+q9
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 :X
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注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 Vd4osBu{fY
12、说明:使用外连接 ;"Y6&YP<
A、left outer join: &UR/Txnu
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 U:r2hqegd
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c OT i3T1&
B:right outer join: w3>|mDA}I
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 vvxj{fxb)
C:full outer join: ]Ho`*$dD
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 }3 }=tN5
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二、提升 _3a
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1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) k6BgY|0g C
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 R`q!~8u
法二:select top 0 * into b from a Oe`t!&v
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) qgNK!(kWpr
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; =6&D4~R
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) [2V/v
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 I.!/R`
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. V-jL`(JF%
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) u#~!%~
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) ?miM15XI
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 ?M^t4nj
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b "Ycd$`{Vgt
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) 3G^Ed)JvE
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c *.g?y6d
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) EB<q.
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; m{c#cR
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 -::%9D}P|
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 CN(4;-so)
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 VKz<7K\/
9、说明:in 的使用方法 Q%^bA,$&D
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') 6l'y
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 h>0<@UP
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) %<yM=1~>
11、说明:四表联查问题: M7,MxwZ0k
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... >N-%
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 "6Uj:9
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 i5Q<~;Z+
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 zi
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select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 0(x@
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14、说明:前10条记录 -^v}T/Kl#
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 _#mqg]W '
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) bq-\'h
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select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) :* b4/qpYv
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 =fK'Ep[
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) om?CFl
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 yXg1N
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select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() u^%')Ncp
18、说明:随机选择记录 lVtn$frp
select newid() q}Z
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19、说明:删除重复记录 7G/|e24
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) Ws)X5C=A
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 A'iF'<%
select name from sysobjects where type='U' 30+l0\1
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 vfJk?
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select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') 4uAafQ`@H
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。
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select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type f*{;\n(.t
显示结果: =pyZ^/}P
type vender pcs u7Y< ~
电脑 A 1 2-!Mao"^
电脑 A 1 &> .1%x@R
光盘 B 2 @;D}=$x
光盘 A 2 MmH_gR
手机 B 3 KxmPL
手机 C 3 fMPq
23、说明:初始化表table1 Q0Qm0B5eY
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 j%jd@z ]@
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 myOX:K*
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc v9lBk]c
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三、技巧 O>M*mTM
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 #UCQiQfP
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, yVQz<tX|
如: YzW7;U
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if @strWhere !='' "UGj4^1f
begin =^y{@[p`(
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere Z !25xqNCd
end p6*a1^lU6
else U9.=Ik
begin &d3 '{~:
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' I@Z*Nu1L
end U4l*;od
我们可以直接写成 wx%nTf/Oa
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere uf'P9MA}>
2、收缩数据库 kJi&9
--重建索引 >ydb?
DBCC REINDEX pkf OM"5'
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG |z.GSI_!)
--收缩数据和日志
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DBCC SHRINKDB X#I`(iHY
DBCC SHRINKFILE 3r:)\E+Q_
3、压缩数据库
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dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) w[7.@ %^[
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 |+xtFe
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' Q=L$7
go GHC?Tp
5、检查备份集 ph12x: @B
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' FWpN:|X BS
6、修复数据库 NQiecxvt=
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER 1;kG[z=A
GO ]RXtC*
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK |8qK%n f}
GO M|5]#2J_2
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER m7wc)"`t
GO X]pWvQ Q]
7、日志清除 %f_OP$;fc
SET NOCOUNT ON w^rb|mKo
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, !E{GcK
@MaxMinutes INT, YUVc9PV)Ws
@NewSize INT 7hF,gl5
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 Bw]L2=d
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 g t^]32$
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. K[LVT]3 n
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) B==a
-- Setup / initialize #S53u?JV8
DECLARE @OriginalSize int =SK+\j$
SELECT @OriginalSize = size }]g95xT
FROM sysfiles ]Z$TzT&@%
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName (O_t5<A*X
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + 2Z;`#{
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + 0qL
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CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' XAU_SPAjiw
FROM sysfiles ua$k^m7m5
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName ;Up'~BP(
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans 3:~l2KIP4
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) 9!xD~(Kr
DECLARE @Counter INT, f05"3L:
@StartTime DATETIME, przubMt
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) %EVV-n@
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), I`"-$99|t1
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' "ji$@b_\?
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) jW1YTQ
EXEC (@TruncLog) wj#J>C2]
-- Wrap the log if necessary. .YjrV+om1
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired i{|lsd(+
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) BbXU|QtY
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize dI_r:xN
BEGIN -- Outer loop. W7TXI~7
SELECT @Counter = 0 ;h,R?mU
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) ;-9zMbte:
BEGIN -- update 8!uL-_ Bn
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') T@Ss&eGT2
DELETE DummyTrans VA=#0w
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 M2;%1^
END Esz1uty
EXEC (@TruncLog) |B%BwE
END zM_DE
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + x5fgF;
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + ~tg1N^]kV
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' rw5#e.~V
FROM sysfiles wuIsO;}/9
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName %$ir a\
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DROP TABLE DummyTrans rq<`(V'2
SET NOCOUNT OFF /63W\
8、说明:更改某个表 waXDGdl0
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' cyGN3t9`.
9、存储更改全部表 Tsm1C#6 Y*
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch %\X P:
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), e0v9uQ%F5
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) dysX
AS DOF?(:8Y
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) Z]x5!
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) :kME
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) Y)Znb;`?a
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR ?jNF6z*M6
select 'Name' = name, qeQC&U
y;
'Owner' = user_name(uid) fuNl4BU
from sysobjects P[rAJJN/E
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner -GDV[Bg
order by name pAJ=f}",]E
OPEN curObject :u>W&D
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner 9Eq^B9(
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) &\[Qm{lN
BEGIN I%;Rn:zl
if @Owner=@OldOwner o{{:|%m3Q
begin 1-6gB@cvQ
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) ;f".'9 l^
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner }.fL$,7a
end E/wQ+rv
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner U;x1}eFT
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner B#HnPUUK
END $kxu;I
close curObject q3c*<n g#
deallocate curObject Yw~;g:=
GO 6?%]odI#
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 ]PR|d\O
declare @i int o5N]((9
set @i=1 xZ^ywa_
while @i<30 51o@b
begin \g~ws9'~
insert into test (userid) values(@i) _L*f8e8
set @i=@i+1 #joF{M{
end 2UU2Vm_6
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 +Fk4{p
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) C+/Eqq^(
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) NniX/fk
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) 8`:M\*
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) #2Ac
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) Ff[H>Lp~
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) u{g]gA8s
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 :FoOQ[Q
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) <WM -@J(1
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) x9xzm5
就是表示本周时间段. DgDSVFk
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下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: 2-8YSHlh
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) .HyjL5r-
而在存储过程中 }Q`/K;yq
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) pGY [f@_x-
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) Y[f,ia