SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 & Yx12B\
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一、基础 zXbA$c
1、说明:创建数据库 cVr+Wp7K#|
CREATE DATABASE database-name W u$yB!
2、说明:删除数据库 h 'Hnq m
drop database dbname F'B0\v=
3、说明:备份sql server $>+g)
--- 创建 备份数据的 device hp2$[p6O
USE master cz|?j
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' (S?DKPnR
--- 开始 备份 [r'A8!/|[
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack h[<l2fy
4、说明:创建新表 _8\B~;0
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) {lgiH+:
根据已有的表创建新表: K5jeazasp
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) 64>CfU(
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only 6}|h
5、说明:删除新表 $2-_j)+
drop table tabname <vD(,||
6、说明:增加一个列 %hdjQIH
Alter table tabname add column col type $q.}eb0
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 (=EDqAZg
7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) #l7v|)9v
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) k_Y7<z0G
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) -8<vW e
删除索引:drop index idxname :fq4oHA#
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 Ps[#z@5{x
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement %&q}5Y4!
删除视图:drop view viewname nb6Y/`G
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 KeXt"U
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 n1:q:qMR1
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) _aJKt3GQ
删除:delete from table1 where 范围 ~l*<LXp8
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 x($Djx
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! uU^iY$w
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] Xil;`8h
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 mm.%Dcn
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 7?y7fwER
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 HPJHA ,
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 LIQ].VxIs
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 s{j A!T}
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 IOY7w"|LW
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A: UNION 运算符 fGRV]6?V
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 4"\cA:9a
B: EXCEPT 运算符 .aVt d
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EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 3dolrW
C: INTERSECT 运算符 Re
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INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 Jyr
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注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 .`V$j.a
12、说明:使用外连接 %H2ios[UO
A、left outer join: o
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左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 &g1\0t
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c a6 0rJ#GD
B:right outer join: F[`dX
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 E0EK88
C:full outer join: ?:-:m'jdU
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 RVLVY:h|F
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二、提升 |r36iUHZS
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) Id>4fF:o
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 >xq.bG
法二:select top 0 * into b from a m8e()8lZ3
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) Kfr1k
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; kxJ[Bi#
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) j0V/\Ep)T<
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 Pd(_
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. tMp!MQ
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) 7')W+`o8eL
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) mtn^+*
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 !2Z"Lm
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b 85;bJfY
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) :."oWqb)
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c n+te5_F
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) jlFlhj:/I
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; di0@E<@1:
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 L$.3,./
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 0 yq
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 vv{+p(~**O
9、说明:in 的使用方法 4KnBb_w
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') zB~< @
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 ahy6a,)K~
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) y$SUYG'v
11、说明:四表联查问题: |5O>7~Tp
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... $~W5! m
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 }u=Oi@~
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 ^2+Vt=*
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 D&D6!jz
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 " QiR
14、说明:前10条记录 PPIO<K 3`
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 $?bD55
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) L\E>5G;
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) &tvp)B?cWk
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 l&'q+F
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) q!@!eC[b
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 ZH9Fs'c=
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() 7bihP@I!
18、说明:随机选择记录 ZDgT"53
select newid() ^-[
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19、说明:删除重复记录 =CZRX'
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Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) qqf*g=f
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 *Q/^ib9=
select name from sysobjects where type='U' /#H P;>!n
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 =\5WYC
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') z+{qQ!
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 ,f$P[c
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type C49\'1\6
显示结果: X.k8w\~
type vender pcs s(3HZ>qx;
电脑 A 1 H@?} !@
电脑 A 1 'ET];iZ2
光盘 B 2 o,dp{+({
光盘 A 2 9&AO
手机 B 3 Oh p@ZJ!a?
手机 C 3 ,}gJY^X+
23、说明:初始化表table1 1BU97!
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 5)lcgvp
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 1p$(\
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc "8ellKh
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三、技巧 ]h(Iun
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 Td'(RV
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, }RI_k&;
如: rxu_Ssd@"
if @strWhere !='' C1=&Vm>g+
begin <TtPwUX
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere abR<( H12
end qpYgTn8l7
else tjb$MW$('
begin TZt;-t`
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' A%Ka)UU+n
end Pg(Y}Tu
我们可以直接写成 oMj"l#a*
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere $) "\N
2、收缩数据库 RBn/7
--重建索引 A+* lV*@0
DBCC REINDEX 0't)-Pj+,
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG =CK% Zo
--收缩数据和日志 Jcze.t
DBCC SHRINKDB M?"4{
DBCC SHRINKFILE f/UU{vX(
3、压缩数据库 nLz;L r!
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) s)r!3HS
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 "I/05k K
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' K {v^Y,B
go _Fa\y ZX
5、检查备份集 Jj>Rzj!m
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak' ~^Cx->l
6、修复数据库 r*vh3.Agl
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER >B**fZ~L
GO E4892B:`
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK JR.)CzC
GO -(:T&rfTp
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER v.Bwg7R3
GO "gM!/<~
7、日志清除 0j!3\=P$
SET NOCOUNT ON C78g|n{
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, v9:J 55x
@MaxMinutes INT, mB_?N $K
@NewSize INT B+Qf?1f
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 EtN,
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 %QEBY>|lI
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. bTimJp[b
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) C`i#7zsH
-- Setup / initialize =|1_6.tz
DECLARE @OriginalSize int O|8@cO
SELECT @OriginalSize = size @u9L+*F
FROM sysfiles `~)?OTzU#
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName ?DUim1KG
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + HZRFE[ 9nb
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + )Su>8f[?e
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' `D[O\ VE
FROM sysfiles IdAh)#)
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WHERE name = @LogicalFileName yO%^[c?
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans ?m]vk|>
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) JT0j2_*Rr
DECLARE @Counter INT, XYWyxx5`
@StartTime DATETIME, yM@sGz6c!
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) q=88*Y
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), k37?NoT
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' ;O`f+rG~
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) #U`AK9rP_g
EXEC (@TruncLog) piM4grg
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-- Wrap the log if necessary. Hvk~BP'
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WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired g,JfT^
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) 7@<.~*Bl6
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize }jCO@v;
BEGIN -- Outer loop. QNx]8r
SELECT @Counter = 0 lg-_[!4Z
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) vlkwWm
BEGIN -- update g]vB\5uA:
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') GbQi3%
DELETE DummyTrans H^n@9U;[K
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 0o>C,
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END
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EXEC (@TruncLog) 88_ef7w
END .?6p~
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + ?m *e$!M0
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + Uyb0iQ-,s
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' -z`%x@F<&L
FROM sysfiles S~aWun
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName h<%$?h+}
DROP TABLE DummyTrans >(a35 b$
SET NOCOUNT OFF p}!i_P
8、说明:更改某个表 f9u=h}
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' s;TB(M~i[
9、存储更改全部表 ,K,st+s|
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch BQPmo1B
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), vGv<WEE
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) fVn4=d6X
AS LMoZI0)x
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) $t%IJT
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) P'8RaO&d
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) y-+W
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR hb;CpA
select 'Name' = name, *MmH{!=
'Owner' = user_name(uid) c0Ih$z
from sysobjects UnK7&Uo
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner KuJ9bn{u!C
order by name ?P+Uv
OPEN curObject u1X^#K$nu'
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner Cqnuf5e>L
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) GrG'G(NQ
BEGIN 8B*(P>
if @Owner=@OldOwner Kb+SssF
begin 5{b;wLi$X2
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) >Gpq{Ph[
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner
)$S=iL8(
end ,1~zYL?
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner kV1L.Xg
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner J*rYw5QB
END /HRKw
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close curObject `]W9Fj<1j
deallocate curObject eAW)|=2
GO v)O0i2
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 F 6sQeU
declare @i int ;w .la
set @i=1 9jI muSZ
while @i<30
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begin Dc0=gq0
insert into test (userid) values(@i) dGk"`/@
set @i=@i+1 |c0^7vrC
end gamB]FPZ
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 A2gFY}
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) m
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Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) P+f}r^4}
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) cVx SO`jZw
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) GwF8ze+cH
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) Kuh3.1#o
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) K*5gb^Ul
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 WS[Z[O
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) _<f%==
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Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) YT8q0BR]
就是表示本周时间段. h.R46 :
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: 5!A:xV]6]
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) w` +,
而在存储过程中 H4`>B>\
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) 9 RDs`>v
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) p+~Imf-Jk