SQL语句先前写的时候,很容易把一些特殊的用法忘记,我特此整理了一下SQL语句操作。 OI9V'W$
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一、基础 os]P6TFFX?
1、说明:创建数据库 ]KS|r+
CREATE DATABASE database-name i$Q$y
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2、说明:删除数据库 Z[DiLXHL
drop database dbname { L(Q|bB
3、说明:备份sql server 1R1DK$^c
--- 创建 备份数据的 device + a%Vp!y
USE master RQZ|:SvV
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' M8
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--- 开始 备份 ?2b*FQe
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack
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4、说明:创建新表 Q-X<zn
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) Sn\S`D
根据已有的表创建新表: 7B`,q-x.
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) Zjz< Q-
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2... from tab_old definition only EPQ~V
5、说明:删除新表 l;I)$=={=
drop table tabname 6O^'J~wiI
6、说明:增加一个列 ?t&sT
Alter table tabname add column col type 38wt=0br
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 +6=2B0$
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7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) %d5;JEgA:g
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) LeA=*+zP[
8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col....) cC.=,n
删除索引:drop index idxname LCrE1Q%VP
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 vxxa,KR/y
9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement H1(Zzn1
删除视图:drop view viewname XCNfogl
10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 K +oFu%
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 S+Aq0B<
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) ^<8
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删除:delete from table1 where 范围 qsjTo@A
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 m]yt6b4
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! FF"6~
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] . mDh9V5
总数:select count as totalcount from table1 OIK14D:
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 ,r{[l D^
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 y`?{2#1H
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 paUlp7x
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 tdTD!'
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11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 fX,L;Se"
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A: UNION 运算符 "#H@d+u
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 (o/HLmr@Y
B: EXCEPT 运算符 S~QL
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EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 x~Egax
C: INTERSECT 运算符 m@hmu}qz-
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 Th&*
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注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 '/^bO# G:
12、说明:使用外连接 l[EnFbD6
A、left outer join: =qY!<DB[L
左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 ?*}^xXI/
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c /P*mF^Y
B:right outer join: U!E
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 SMr
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C:full outer join: B/S~Jn
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。 -9XB.)\#
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二、提升 ,?"cKdiZ
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) pKf]&?FX
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 1]HEwTT/1_
法二:select top 0 * into b from a FE+Y#
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) H[ 6L!
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b; tn-_3C
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) Yx21~:9}
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in '具体数据库' where 条件 :"+/M{qz
例子:..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &"' where.. 'iM;e K
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) L lmdydC%
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3) gU7@}P
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 Ca[H<nyj
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b >E;-asD
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) tZS-e6*S
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c Ju""i4
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) EP.nVvuL
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1; :` >|N|i
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 V[<]BOM\v
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 <MgR
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select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2 2 %YtMkC5
9、说明:in 的使用方法 mE3^5}[>
select * from table1 where a [not] in ('值1','值2','值4','值6') B+G,v:)R6z
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 5"4O_JQ
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 ) 5T?esF<
11、说明:四表联查问题: bT|NZ!V
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where ..... jtdhdA
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 W+3ZuAP\n
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5 ,Vz
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13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 MHN?ZHC)
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段 usb.cE3z
14、说明:前10条记录 'JR2@W`]]
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围 /5^"n4/M
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) k}-@N;zq
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b) <eU28M?\
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 FNpMu3Q
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC) GE`:bC3
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 ,f`435R
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid() @SREyqC4
18、说明:随机选择记录 Vvuw gJX
select newid() Mp:/[%9Fi
19、说明:删除重复记录 ?Z-(SC
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...) / ,3,l^kZ
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 x!klnpGp
select name from sysobjects where type='U' __p\`3(,'
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 s;'XX}Y
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName') Si,[7um
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 N zY}-:{
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type G[4TT#
显示结果: S Rs~p
type vender pcs OhmKjY/}
电脑 A 1 % AqUVt9}
电脑 A 1 G%
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光盘 B 2 7XKPC+)1ya
光盘 A 2 [6@{^
手机 B 3 sY4sq5'!
手机 C 3 %T]NM3|U
23、说明:初始化表table1 IwC4fcZX6
TRUNCATE TABLE table1 Sa!r ,l
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录 ]3@6o*R;
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc pkjf5DWp
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三、技巧 WVc3C-h,
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多 v?zA86d_
"where 1=1" 是表示选择全部 "where 1=2"全部不选, xaO9?{O
如: Pl_4;q!$
if @strWhere !='' ZhqrN]x
begin rzJNHf=FVY
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere =5NrkCk#V
end @OOnO+g
else 7n*,L5%?]4
begin 9-;ujl?{
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']' `Tt}:9/3
end :'aT4
我们可以直接写成 .Ap-<FB
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere 5~T`R~Uqb
2、收缩数据库 BKDs3?&
--重建索引 {9sA'5
DBCC REINDEX \|2 0E51B[
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG I`"8}d@Jm
--收缩数据和日志 J+f
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DBCC SHRINKDB n}9vAvC
DBCC SHRINKFILE 6AeX$>k+
3、压缩数据库 "0o1M\6Z
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) fj
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4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 ZD{%0uh
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname' +]|aACt]
go hzIP ?0^E
5、检查备份集 {@Y|"qIN
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak'
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6、修复数据库 &jCT-dj
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER * z|i{=W
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GO Wx#((T
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK <
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GO g z!q
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER \F]X!#&+
GO )(~s-x^\z@
7、日志清除 oJC-?
SET NOCOUNT ON OgJd^
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, s(56aE
@MaxMinutes INT, tydD~a
@NewSize INT GOJ*>GpS
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名 cU8Rm\?
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名 }X{#=*$GQ
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. HRkO.230
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) ^)ouL25Z*2
-- Setup / initialize E"!I[
DECLARE @OriginalSize int yM$@*od
SELECT @OriginalSize = size &7* |rshZ
FROM sysfiles )i8Hdtn
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName ;AV[bjRE\
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + S,Q!Xb@
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + Z;kRQ
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' V@gweci
FROM sysfiles F"2v5F@
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName nR)/k,3W
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans 1e`/N+6u
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null) Df;EemCh
DECLARE @Counter INT, >|%dN
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@StartTime DATETIME, <p"[jC2zF;
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255) /]H6'
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), i
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@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY' n%;wQ^
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) 3nb&Z_/e
EXEC (@TruncLog) U M$\{$
-- Wrap the log if necessary. pvL)BD
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired _t<D~
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) i^j1i
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize q$)$?"
BEGIN -- Outer loop. +We_[Re`<
SELECT @Counter = 0 0TA{E-A
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) r|$@Wsb?#
BEGIN -- update ~(E.$y7P
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') }{>)2S
DELETE DummyTrans j8p</gd
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 nn>1OO
END ""cnZZ5)
EXEC (@TruncLog) 4yhan/zA
END #/fh_S'Z
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + O~t]:p9_
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + 4]L5%=atn
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' N@D]Q&;+(T
FROM sysfiles 8S2sNpLi-g
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName *`~
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DROP TABLE DummyTrans dQUZ11
SET NOCOUNT OFF ^z&eD,
8、说明:更改某个表 -2NXQ+m ;
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo' {)j~5m.,/o
9、存储更改全部表 Oax*3TD
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch #+)AIf
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), 2=Sv#
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) V~j:!=b%v
AS f,Q oA
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) "`P/j+-rt
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) `#O%ZZ+
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) k
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DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR \Eq,4-q
select 'Name' = name, E(J@A'cX
'Owner' = user_name(uid) /.1c<!
from sysobjects Dqss/vwV
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner %@/"BF;r
order by name v&t~0jX,
OPEN curObject Hc?8Q\O:
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner RbPD3&.
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) Q]j[+e
BEGIN IXE`MLc
if @Owner=@OldOwner ?f@g1jJP
begin cj
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set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) rG7E[kii
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner ;pk4Voo$
end p,_,o3@~
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner 2tz%A~}4
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner p;;4b@
END USF9sF0l
close curObject 3r{3HaN(^'
deallocate curObject ckR>ps[ u
GO L $R"?O7
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 { +d](+$
declare @i int +NIq}fZn9
set @i=1 cd_\?7
while @i<30 JbT+w\o
begin #2*l"3.$.R
insert into test (userid) values(@i) pq8XCOllXx
set @i=@i+1 ;U7o)A;
end 9a\H+Y~
小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数 Ziclw)
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) Swugt"`nN
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) f
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Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0) )`,||sQ
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0)) f3,qDbQyJ
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0) G- _h 2
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0)) #G</RYM~m
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段 xBba&A]=
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) [k1N-';;;
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) h"~i&T
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就是表示本周时间段. m9yi:zT%
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的: ?'RB)M=Og7
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) E?\&OeAkO
而在存储过程中 n7Em
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select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) GnAG'.t-Z
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6) rGa@!^hk