全新java初学者实践教程10(java SE5.0版)
w7`09oJm jdk5的集合类
hyVBQhk .ovG_O "?r_A*U \?~cJMN 上次课我们学过了数组,知道它只是一组数(或是对象),但是有些自己的特性。在[font="Times]java里还有一类东西与数组类似,也是有着特性的一组数[font="Times](或是对象[font="Times]),叫做集合类。
n1PV/ Z 我们上节课讲到了,数组的长度在创建时已经确定了,但是有时候我们事先根本不知道长度是多少啊,比如我们做电子商务网站时,有个购物车程序。你总不能用数组规定,人家只能买[font="Times]5样东西吧。你就是把长度定为[font="Times]10000也不行,万一遇上个特别有钱的呢!呵呵,这只是开玩笑的。我们会使用集合类解决这个问题。
AEE&{_[S [font="Times] 集合类是放在[font="Times]java.util.*;这个包里。集合类存放的都是对象的引用,而非对象本身,为了说起来方便些,我们称集合中的对象就是指集合中对象的引用([font="Times]reference)。引用的概念大家不会忘了吧,在前边我们讲
数据类型时讲的。
u)9YRMl 716r/@y$6 [font="Times] 集合类型主要有[font="Times]3种:[font="Times]set(集)、[font="Times]list(列表)、[font="Times]map(映射[font="Times])和[font="Times]Queue(队列)。[font="Times]//队列为[font="Times]jdk5中的加上的[font="Times]
qi=v}bp& eYD -8* [font="Times](1) Set
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rI>D 集([font="Times]set)是最简单的一种集合,它的对象不按特定方式排序,只是简单的把对象加入集合中,就像往口袋里放东西。对集中成员的访问和操作是通过集中对象的引用进行的,所以集中不能有重复对象。我们知道数学上的集合也是[font="Times]Set这个,集合里面一定是没有重复的元素的。
CA]u3bf~ 2kW*Z7@D ([font="Times]2)[font="Times]List
A|
s\5"?? 列表([font="Times]List)的主要特征是其对象以线性方式存储,没有特定顺序,只有一个开头和一个结尾,当然,它与根本没有顺序的[font="Times]Set是不同的。它是链表嘛,一条链肯定有顺序这个顺序就不一定了。
;nbbKQ]u G'0JK+=o s~g0VNu Y [font="Times] ([font="Times]3)[font="Times]Map
R@A"U[* [font="Times] 映射([font="Times]Map),这个在[font="Times]java里不是地图的意思,其实地图也是映射哈。它里面的东西是键-值对([font="Times]key-value)出现的,键值对是什么呢?举个例子,比如我们查字典,用部首查字法。目录那个字就是键,这个字的解释就是值。键和值成对出现。这样说可以理解吧。这也是很常用的数据结构哦。
R>y/Y<5= g\A kf SK t&BnW [font="Times] ([font="Times]4)[font="Times]Queue
vNSeNS@jxC [font="Times] 在[font="Times]jdk5.0以前,通常的实现方式是使用[font="Times]java.util.List集合来模仿[font="Times]Queue。[font="Times]Queue的概念通过把对象添加(称为[font="Times]enqueuing的操作)到[font="Times]List的尾部(即[font="Times]Queue的后部)并通过从[font="Times]List的头部(即[font="Times]Queue的前部)提取对象而从[font="Times] List中移除(称为[font="Times]dequeuing的操作)来模拟。你需要执行先进先出的动作时可以直接使用[font="Times]Queue接口就可以了。
v18OUPPX [font="Times] 这[font="Times]4个东西,有时候功能还不太完善,需要有些子类继承它的特性。[font="Times]Set的子接口有[font="Times]TreeSet,SortedSet,[font="Times]List的有[font="Times]ArrayList等,[font="Times]Map里有[font="Times]HashMap,HashTable等,[font="Times]Queue里面有[font="Times]BlockingQueue等。我们来看看例子吧:
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Sh v/[*Pze,C 实践:[font="Times] Set举例
Kw87 0n< [font="Times] import java.util.*;
|h^]`= 3 [font="Times]public class SetExample {
2f0qfF [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
HJ0Rcw% [font="Times] Set set = new HashSet(); //HashSet是[font="Times]Set的子接口
(Q F-=o [font="Times] set.add("one");
A#Ne07d [font="Times] set.add("second");
?4H>1Wkb [font="Times] set.add("3rd");
JN> h: [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
h)pYV>!d [font="Times] set.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
qt`HP3J& [font="Times] set.add("second");
>bbvQb+j [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
P&5kO;ia [font="Times] System.out.println(set);
Yx':~ [font="Times] }}
nNpXkI: 'tn-o [font="Times]List举例:
3e ?J#; [font="Times] import java.util.*;
g66x;2Q [font="Times]public class ListExample {
SmCtwcB1 [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
l9vJ] [font="Times] List list = new ArrayList();
>B$J [font="Times] list.add("one");
!eA6Ejf [font="Times] list.add("second");
?L+|b5RS [font="Times] list.add("3rd");
4`] [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
\fSo9$ [font="Times] list.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
tNC;CP#R+ [font="Times] list.add("second");
Hd89./v`: [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
:@#6]W [font="Times] System.out.println(list);
/amWf^z [font="Times] }}
h)h%y)1 1BOv|xPjZ EFzPt?l [font="Times]Map举例
8)XAdAr [font="Times]import java.util.Map;
rbc7CPq_^ [font="Times]import java.util.HashMap;
35n'sVn [font="Times]import java.util.Iterator;
9O|k|FD [font="Times]import java.io.FileReader;
yII+#?D [font="Times]
(7w95xI [font="Times]public class MapExample {
K:54`UJ [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) throws java.io.FileNotFoundException {
U$Od) [font="Times] Map word_count_map = new HashMap();
o(eh. [font="Times] FileReader reader = new FileReader(args[0]);
_|wnmeL* [font="Times] Iterator words = new WordStreamIterator(reader);
04#<qd&ob@ [font="Times]
0S&C[I
o6 [font="Times] while ( words.hasNext() ) {
ui<Mnm_T;d [font="Times] String word = (String) words.next();
y1#*c$ O [font="Times] String word_lowercase = word.toLowerCase();
~ugH2jiB [font="Times] Integer frequency = (Integer)word_count_map.get(word_lowercase);
Y
lhKP; [font="Times]if ( frequency == null ) {
bA\(oD+: [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(1);
xwa@h}\# [font="Times] } else {
VYnB&3%DF [font="Times] int value = frequency.intValue();
ih(A l<IS [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(value + 1);}
EL(BXJrx{ [font="Times] word_count_map.put(word_lowercase, frequency);
zvR;Tl6] [font="Times] }
.s\_H, [font="Times] System.out.println(word_count_map);
z
LZHVvL3 [font="Times] }}
`Ln1g@ .$a|&P=S g5lK&-yu] [font="Times]Queue举例:
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/E [font="Times]import java.io.IOException;
*r|Zbxf( [font="Times]import java.io.PrintStream;
3u/ GrsF [font="Times]import java.util.LinkedList;
*3rp
g [font="Times]import java.util.Queue;
6f)7*j~ [font="Times]
tY%T [font="Times]public class QueueTester {
gUH|?@f [font="Times] public Queue q; //发现了一个奇怪的语法,这个尖括号是泛型声明
d#|%h]
6 [font="Times] public QueueTester() {q = new LinkedList();}
Y}e3:\ [font="Times]public void testFIFO(PrintStream out) throws IOException {
KN'twPFq [font="Times] q.add("First");
~~}8D" [font="Times] q.add("Second");
=Y*zF>#lP [font="Times] q.add("Third");
{m/KD 'b_ [font="Times] Object o;
~(]'ah, [font="Times] while ((o = q.poll()) != null) {
EOXuc9>G [font="Times] out.println(o);}}
t(1gJZs>kX [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
)!=fy'] [font="Times] QueueTester tester = new QueueTester();
s:ojlmPb [font="Times] try { tester.testFIFO(System.out);
=yZ6 $ hK [font="Times] } catch (IOException e) {
H/l,;/q]b
[font="Times] e.printStackTrace(); } }}
.t.4y.
97 3:bP>l! ?dmwz4k0 上述例子和一些相关例子(共6个例子)打包下载[font="Times]
7>f)pfLM 总结:
vHN/~k# 刚才我们看了上述例子了,对集合类有了一个初步的认识,它们跟数组的区别不只是长度问题,在集合类里面放进去的类型可以是任意的。不像数组,数组里面的类型是一样的。这样的话,对于集合类来说即使好事,也是坏事。因为你不考虑类型可以随意的放,但是你放进去什么就不知道了不容易找。
2XyC;RWJ% 还有啊,什么叫泛型声明啊?我们下次课就告诉你。这可是[font="Times]jdk5的酷炫之处哦。