全新java初学者实践教程10(java SE5.0版)
Y|FJ1x$r jdk5的集合类
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k~WX6rEJ AY['!&T 上次课我们学过了数组,知道它只是一组数(或是对象),但是有些自己的特性。在[font="Times]java里还有一类东西与数组类似,也是有着特性的一组数[font="Times](或是对象[font="Times]),叫做集合类。
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1]EH` 我们上节课讲到了,数组的长度在创建时已经确定了,但是有时候我们事先根本不知道长度是多少啊,比如我们做电子商务网站时,有个购物车程序。你总不能用数组规定,人家只能买[font="Times]5样东西吧。你就是把长度定为[font="Times]10000也不行,万一遇上个特别有钱的呢!呵呵,这只是开玩笑的。我们会使用集合类解决这个问题。
[m7jZOEu [font="Times] 集合类是放在[font="Times]java.util.*;这个包里。集合类存放的都是对象的引用,而非对象本身,为了说起来方便些,我们称集合中的对象就是指集合中对象的引用([font="Times]reference)。引用的概念大家不会忘了吧,在前边我们讲
数据类型时讲的。
$\>GQ~k p:u?a, p [font="Times] 集合类型主要有[font="Times]3种:[font="Times]set(集)、[font="Times]list(列表)、[font="Times]map(映射[font="Times])和[font="Times]Queue(队列)。[font="Times]//队列为[font="Times]jdk5中的加上的[font="Times]
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";A~XNx M$L1!o1Xf [font="Times](1) Set
^ g`1SU` 集([font="Times]set)是最简单的一种集合,它的对象不按特定方式排序,只是简单的把对象加入集合中,就像往口袋里放东西。对集中成员的访问和操作是通过集中对象的引用进行的,所以集中不能有重复对象。我们知道数学上的集合也是[font="Times]Set这个,集合里面一定是没有重复的元素的。
SGn:f>N JF]HkH_u ([font="Times]2)[font="Times]List
iivuH2/~?[ 列表([font="Times]List)的主要特征是其对象以线性方式存储,没有特定顺序,只有一个开头和一个结尾,当然,它与根本没有顺序的[font="Times]Set是不同的。它是链表嘛,一条链肯定有顺序这个顺序就不一定了。
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]K- mc_`:I= wXf_2qB9 [font="Times] ([font="Times]3)[font="Times]Map
is`Eqcj`dr [font="Times] 映射([font="Times]Map),这个在[font="Times]java里不是地图的意思,其实地图也是映射哈。它里面的东西是键-值对([font="Times]key-value)出现的,键值对是什么呢?举个例子,比如我们查字典,用部首查字法。目录那个字就是键,这个字的解释就是值。键和值成对出现。这样说可以理解吧。这也是很常用的数据结构哦。
iQpKcBx CMa ~BOt # gCAWRNp [font="Times] ([font="Times]4)[font="Times]Queue
aF4vNUeG [font="Times] 在[font="Times]jdk5.0以前,通常的实现方式是使用[font="Times]java.util.List集合来模仿[font="Times]Queue。[font="Times]Queue的概念通过把对象添加(称为[font="Times]enqueuing的操作)到[font="Times]List的尾部(即[font="Times]Queue的后部)并通过从[font="Times]List的头部(即[font="Times]Queue的前部)提取对象而从[font="Times] List中移除(称为[font="Times]dequeuing的操作)来模拟。你需要执行先进先出的动作时可以直接使用[font="Times]Queue接口就可以了。
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>bf7+D [font="Times] 这[font="Times]4个东西,有时候功能还不太完善,需要有些子类继承它的特性。[font="Times]Set的子接口有[font="Times]TreeSet,SortedSet,[font="Times]List的有[font="Times]ArrayList等,[font="Times]Map里有[font="Times]HashMap,HashTable等,[font="Times]Queue里面有[font="Times]BlockingQueue等。我们来看看例子吧:
YK#bzu ,! }?xu/C (v*$ExF 实践:[font="Times] Set举例
9,y*kC [font="Times] import java.util.*;
#"%=7( [font="Times]public class SetExample {
_A%} >:q [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
e"^* ~'mJ [font="Times] Set set = new HashSet(); //HashSet是[font="Times]Set的子接口
l+S08IZ [font="Times] set.add("one");
^ +cf [font="Times] set.add("second");
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# [font="Times] set.add("3rd");
UPgjf [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
s
bV6} [font="Times] set.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
I3o6ym-i [font="Times] set.add("second");
S/pTFlptCa [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
;3NA,JA#Y [font="Times] System.out.println(set);
)|f!}( p [font="Times] }}
rkW*C'2fz @qH{; [font="Times]List举例:
S5]rIcM [font="Times] import java.util.*;
s<x2*yVUA [font="Times]public class ListExample {
?}y?e}y*xZ [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
uN V(r" [font="Times] List list = new ArrayList();
pulE6T7x [font="Times] list.add("one");
CZg$I&x [font="Times] list.add("second");
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[font="Times] list.add("3rd");
uZ*;%y nQ [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
niY9`8 [font="Times] list.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
='<0z?Af [font="Times] list.add("second");
rWI6L3,i+ [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
L}CjC>R! [font="Times] System.out.println(list);
cMxTv4|wui [font="Times] }}
OL&ku &J_ L2Uk/E TGu`r>N51 [font="Times]Map举例
W@jBX{k [font="Times]import java.util.Map;
zZDa71> [font="Times]import java.util.HashMap;
<T JUKznO [font="Times]import java.util.Iterator;
\M1- [font="Times]import java.io.FileReader;
0 }jB/Z_T [font="Times]
DWZ!B7Ts [font="Times]public class MapExample {
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`Fe|6I& [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) throws java.io.FileNotFoundException {
9r%O [font="Times] Map word_count_map = new HashMap();
Ak[}s|,) [font="Times] FileReader reader = new FileReader(args[0]);
=rcqYPul0 [font="Times] Iterator words = new WordStreamIterator(reader);
O#fGHI<43[ [font="Times]
X2!vC!4P?L [font="Times] while ( words.hasNext() ) {
5F$ elW [font="Times] String word = (String) words.next();
\gy39xoW( [font="Times] String word_lowercase = word.toLowerCase();
pA9^-:\* [font="Times] Integer frequency = (Integer)word_count_map.get(word_lowercase);
io^^f| [font="Times]if ( frequency == null ) {
Ul7)CT2: [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(1);
7a 4G: [font="Times] } else {
Kf
D8S [font="Times] int value = frequency.intValue();
hkeOe [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(value + 1);}
jI!}}K)d [font="Times] word_count_map.put(word_lowercase, frequency);
wN8-Me [font="Times] }
Hj"`z6@7 [font="Times] System.out.println(word_count_map);
_c?&G` [font="Times] }}
J<BBM.^] b_@MoL@A! HYf&0LT<11 [font="Times]Queue举例:
0t?: [font="Times]import java.io.IOException;
lpLjfHr [font="Times]import java.io.PrintStream;
Mp9wYM* [font="Times]import java.util.LinkedList;
!},_,J~(| [font="Times]import java.util.Queue;
0|n1O)>J [font="Times]
Ds c{- <v [font="Times]public class QueueTester {
sI/Jhw) [font="Times] public Queue q; //发现了一个奇怪的语法,这个尖括号是泛型声明
zl\mBSBx" [font="Times] public QueueTester() {q = new LinkedList();}
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[font="Times]public void testFIFO(PrintStream out) throws IOException {
}6MHIr=o [font="Times] q.add("First");
}$r/#F/Fn [font="Times] q.add("Second");
vL(7|K [font="Times] q.add("Third");
Gb.r!W8 [font="Times] Object o;
Va>~7 [font="Times] while ((o = q.poll()) != null) {
_oxhS!.* [font="Times] out.println(o);}}
}8Tr M0q8 [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
]Ec\!,54u [font="Times] QueueTester tester = new QueueTester();
wB}s>o\ [font="Times] try { tester.testFIFO(System.out);
]Sg4>tp [font="Times] } catch (IOException e) {
8C3oj [font="Times] e.printStackTrace(); } }}
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V> 上述例子和一些相关例子(共6个例子)打包下载[font="Times]
}stc]L{79 总结:
~]P_Yd-| 刚才我们看了上述例子了,对集合类有了一个初步的认识,它们跟数组的区别不只是长度问题,在集合类里面放进去的类型可以是任意的。不像数组,数组里面的类型是一样的。这样的话,对于集合类来说即使好事,也是坏事。因为你不考虑类型可以随意的放,但是你放进去什么就不知道了不容易找。
=B_vQJF2 还有啊,什么叫泛型声明啊?我们下次课就告诉你。这可是[font="Times]jdk5的酷炫之处哦。