全新java初学者实践教程10(java SE5.0版)
/"^XrVi- jdk5的集合类
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heEg@f 上次课我们学过了数组,知道它只是一组数(或是对象),但是有些自己的特性。在[font="Times]java里还有一类东西与数组类似,也是有着特性的一组数[font="Times](或是对象[font="Times]),叫做集合类。
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-WH 我们上节课讲到了,数组的长度在创建时已经确定了,但是有时候我们事先根本不知道长度是多少啊,比如我们做电子商务网站时,有个购物车程序。你总不能用数组规定,人家只能买[font="Times]5样东西吧。你就是把长度定为[font="Times]10000也不行,万一遇上个特别有钱的呢!呵呵,这只是开玩笑的。我们会使用集合类解决这个问题。
itcM-? [font="Times] 集合类是放在[font="Times]java.util.*;这个包里。集合类存放的都是对象的引用,而非对象本身,为了说起来方便些,我们称集合中的对象就是指集合中对象的引用([font="Times]reference)。引用的概念大家不会忘了吧,在前边我们讲
数据类型时讲的。
#/\Zo &V8 fwa*|y; [font="Times] 集合类型主要有[font="Times]3种:[font="Times]set(集)、[font="Times]list(列表)、[font="Times]map(映射[font="Times])和[font="Times]Queue(队列)。[font="Times]//队列为[font="Times]jdk5中的加上的[font="Times]
ZS`9r16@b ;q#Pl!*5 [font="Times](1) Set
Q!I><u 集([font="Times]set)是最简单的一种集合,它的对象不按特定方式排序,只是简单的把对象加入集合中,就像往口袋里放东西。对集中成员的访问和操作是通过集中对象的引用进行的,所以集中不能有重复对象。我们知道数学上的集合也是[font="Times]Set这个,集合里面一定是没有重复的元素的。
j(M.7Z7^ Bw9O)++ ([font="Times]2)[font="Times]List
c4s,T"H 列表([font="Times]List)的主要特征是其对象以线性方式存储,没有特定顺序,只有一个开头和一个结尾,当然,它与根本没有顺序的[font="Times]Set是不同的。它是链表嘛,一条链肯定有顺序这个顺序就不一定了。
H;[?8h( =Q6JXp R3.8Dr0f [font="Times] ([font="Times]3)[font="Times]Map
42:,*4t( [font="Times] 映射([font="Times]Map),这个在[font="Times]java里不是地图的意思,其实地图也是映射哈。它里面的东西是键-值对([font="Times]key-value)出现的,键值对是什么呢?举个例子,比如我们查字典,用部首查字法。目录那个字就是键,这个字的解释就是值。键和值成对出现。这样说可以理解吧。这也是很常用的数据结构哦。
RVF<l?EI4R /2Ok;!. 6y"T;.FAo [font="Times] ([font="Times]4)[font="Times]Queue
[+!+Yn6: [font="Times] 在[font="Times]jdk5.0以前,通常的实现方式是使用[font="Times]java.util.List集合来模仿[font="Times]Queue。[font="Times]Queue的概念通过把对象添加(称为[font="Times]enqueuing的操作)到[font="Times]List的尾部(即[font="Times]Queue的后部)并通过从[font="Times]List的头部(即[font="Times]Queue的前部)提取对象而从[font="Times] List中移除(称为[font="Times]dequeuing的操作)来模拟。你需要执行先进先出的动作时可以直接使用[font="Times]Queue接口就可以了。
Digx#'#jf [font="Times] 这[font="Times]4个东西,有时候功能还不太完善,需要有些子类继承它的特性。[font="Times]Set的子接口有[font="Times]TreeSet,SortedSet,[font="Times]List的有[font="Times]ArrayList等,[font="Times]Map里有[font="Times]HashMap,HashTable等,[font="Times]Queue里面有[font="Times]BlockingQueue等。我们来看看例子吧:
%/S HB v+( P 4fS i?|u$[^=+ 实践:[font="Times] Set举例
m@)Ya*=< [font="Times] import java.util.*;
=GiN~$d [font="Times]public class SetExample {
Sw>,Q-32 [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
t@iw&>8z [font="Times] Set set = new HashSet(); //HashSet是[font="Times]Set的子接口
E5Ls/ HK [font="Times] set.add("one");
O(:/&`) [font="Times] set.add("second");
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[font="Times] set.add("3rd");
EOS[MjX+J [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
1bjWWNzQA [font="Times] set.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
D8{f7{nY [font="Times] set.add("second");
&z>iqm"Ww [font="Times] set.add(new Integer(4));
sHOBT,B [font="Times] System.out.println(set);
"s@q(J [font="Times] }}
;{0%Vp{ A-h[vP!v| [font="Times]List举例:
9"}5jq4* [font="Times] import java.util.*;
}}oIZP\qM [font="Times]public class ListExample {
"
BU4\QF- [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
*@WBaN+ [font="Times] List list = new ArrayList();
=<AG}by![ [font="Times] list.add("one");
hE'>8 { [font="Times] list.add("second");
x Vw1 [font="Times] list.add("3rd");
OU*skc> [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
}|nEbM]# [font="Times] list.add(new Float( 5.0F ));
Jn9{@?? [font="Times] list.add("second");
6.a|w}C` [font="Times] list.add(new Integer(4));
z+^9)wg9 [font="Times] System.out.println(list);
`9A`pC [font="Times] }}
J6@RIia rmdg~ fVi[mH0=+ [font="Times]Map举例
MOm+t]vq1 [font="Times]import java.util.Map;
z9v70
q [font="Times]import java.util.HashMap;
vOl3utu7 [font="Times]import java.util.Iterator;
2Tv
W 6 [font="Times]import java.io.FileReader;
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` [font="Times]
g'EPdE [font="Times]public class MapExample {
di<g"8 [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) throws java.io.FileNotFoundException {
+;bZ(_ohG [font="Times] Map word_count_map = new HashMap();
:*cd$s [font="Times] FileReader reader = new FileReader(args[0]);
'CRjd~L [font="Times] Iterator words = new WordStreamIterator(reader);
[]?*}o5&>T [font="Times]
/74)c~.W [font="Times] while ( words.hasNext() ) {
Gsz$H_ [font="Times] String word = (String) words.next();
]}.|b6\ [font="Times] String word_lowercase = word.toLowerCase();
^Of\l:q* [font="Times] Integer frequency = (Integer)word_count_map.get(word_lowercase);
g``S SU [font="Times]if ( frequency == null ) {
c4bv Jy8 [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(1);
$-
Y8@bw [font="Times] } else {
+KOhDtLMG [font="Times] int value = frequency.intValue();
\vuWypo [font="Times] frequency = new Integer(value + 1);}
.s|5AC[ [font="Times] word_count_map.put(word_lowercase, frequency);
q77Iq0VR [font="Times] }
Pu'lp
O [font="Times] System.out.println(word_count_map);
6H0aHCM [font="Times] }}
V8Z@y&ny ZbH_h]1$D j_b/66JyN [font="Times]Queue举例:
iaQFVROu [font="Times]import java.io.IOException;
H)rJ>L [font="Times]import java.io.PrintStream;
EEvi_Z932 [font="Times]import java.util.LinkedList;
]
^J [font="Times]import java.util.Queue;
~h%H;wC& [font="Times]
E_{P^7Z|Jg [font="Times]public class QueueTester {
N1U.1~U [font="Times] public Queue q; //发现了一个奇怪的语法,这个尖括号是泛型声明
'Hu+8,xA [font="Times] public QueueTester() {q = new LinkedList();}
%Siw> [font="Times]public void testFIFO(PrintStream out) throws IOException {
MYVb ! [font="Times] q.add("First");
OK
z5;#S= [font="Times] q.add("Second");
oq(W| [font="Times] q.add("Third");
SzG?m] [font="Times] Object o;
46H@z=5 [font="Times] while ((o = q.poll()) != null) {
[lzH%0
V [font="Times] out.println(o);}}
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g]GV/L [font="Times] public static void main(String[] args) {
|Vp
? [font="Times] QueueTester tester = new QueueTester();
`*]r+J2 [font="Times] try { tester.testFIFO(System.out);
zY].ZS=7 [font="Times] } catch (IOException e) {
!.O;SG [font="Times] e.printStackTrace(); } }}
%PPkT]~\ 2Ic)]6z
R CYM>4C~>JW 上述例子和一些相关例子(共6个例子)打包下载[font="Times]
e'fo^XQn[ 总结:
6 I43a1[s 刚才我们看了上述例子了,对集合类有了一个初步的认识,它们跟数组的区别不只是长度问题,在集合类里面放进去的类型可以是任意的。不像数组,数组里面的类型是一样的。这样的话,对于集合类来说即使好事,也是坏事。因为你不考虑类型可以随意的放,但是你放进去什么就不知道了不容易找。
GZmfE` 还有啊,什么叫泛型声明啊?我们下次课就告诉你。这可是[font="Times]jdk5的酷炫之处哦。